Oral Health, U.S. 2002 Annual Report
Section 12: TOBACCO
The use of tobacco products has been strongly linked to the development of numerous oral diseases, including oral and pharyngeal cancers and periodontal diseases. About 90% of oral cancer deaths are linked to cigarette smoking (Shopland, 1995). Cigar and pipe smoking and the use of smokeless or "spit" tobacco products have also been connected to oral disease. For instance, smokeless tobacco users have four to six times the oral cancer risk of non-users (Blot et al., 1988). Cigar smokers have 2 to 22 times the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancers compared to non-users (US DHHS, 1998). In one study, about 60% of adolescent males who used spit tobacco experienced gingival recession, compared with 14% of non-users (Offenbacher & Weathers, 1985).
The use of smokeless tobacco (snuff and chewing tobacco) has been found to be associated with oral lesions in both young people and adults (Poulson et al., 1984; Holmstrup & Pindborg, 1988; Tomar et al., 1997). The presence of smokeless-tobacco-type lesions among school-aged adolescents may be an early indicator of increased risk for future oral cancers (US DHHS, 1986).
This section examines the following indicators: smokeless tobacco lesions and trends in tobacco use.
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